2012年自考?xì)W洲文化入門(mén)復(fù)習(xí)資料第二部分

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　　第二章轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com$lesson$

　　1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影響力的宗教

　　2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture： Judaism and Christianity.

　　3、The Jewish tradition， which gave birth to Christianity. (猶太教是基督教的前身) Both originated in Palestine， which was known as Canaan.

　　4、The ancestors of the Jews ― the Hebrews. 猶太人的祖先是希伯來(lái)人

　　5、They called “Hebrews”， which means “wanderers”。商旅

　　6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle (定居) in Palestine.

　　7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.

　　8、The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.

　　9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝與上帝的教義

　　10、The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ.

　　11、The New Testament is， in essence (實(shí)質(zhì)上)， the four accounts (四福音書(shū))， written by the four disciples.弟子

　　12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新舊約

　　14、The Old Testament名詞解釋

　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　15、The New Testament名詞解釋

　　The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.

　　16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch.摩西五經(jīng)

　　17、Pentateuch名詞解釋

　　The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books： Genesis (創(chuàng)世記)， Exodus (出埃及記)， Leviticus(教義記)， Numbers (逃亡記)， Deuteronomy (摩西遺言記)。

　　18、Genesis名詞解釋

　　Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career (經(jīng)歷) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.

　　19、Exodus名詞解釋

　　Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious (宗教的) history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt， the period when they began to receive God‘s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to canaan.

　　20、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， The Bible.

　　21、Noah‘s Ark was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， The Bible.

　　22、The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：

　�、貰ooks of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings

　�、� Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.

　　23、The content of historical Books： 1200B.C. 586 B.C.

　　Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C.， till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.

　　24、The History Books的內(nèi)容

　�、� The development of system of landed nobles.

　�、� The development of monarchy. 君主專(zhuān)制

　�、� Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 兩大王國(guó)的初步形成

　�、� (略看) The settlement in the highlands

　�、� (略看) Age of great prosperity under Saul， David and Solomon.

　　25、Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.

　　26、The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.

　　27、David established religious capital， Jerusalem to Palestine.

　　28、The Prophets (先知)名詞解釋宣傳教義并受神靈庇佑的人

　　For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.(分為大小先知)

　　29、The Book of Daniel名詞解釋

　　The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.

　　30、The former body of church was known as Synagogues. 猶太教的會(huì)堂是教堂的前身

　　31、The Pentateuch is the book of Daniel is also called torah. 摩西五經(jīng)的別稱(chēng)

　　32、The story about God‘s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， the Bible， which was known as Noah’s Ark.

　　33、By 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.

　　34、Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese， which was headed by a bishop.

　　35、The most important bishops were called archbishops. (紅衣大主教)

　　36、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament， which tells the beginning of Christianity.

　　37、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (馬塞福音書(shū))

　　38、All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.為什么十四在西方吉利

　　39、The Last Supper was recorded in John.

　　40、The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.

　　文藝復(fù)興以人為本的標(biāo)志――蒙娜麗莎

　　41、The Last Supper adapted from St.John， the New Testament， the Bible.

　　42、The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.

　　43、The story about Jesus being pinned (釘死) in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.

　　44、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (改革者) led by John Wycliff.

　　45、Wycliff 與 Tyndale 的區(qū)別是：語(yǔ)言來(lái)源不同

　　Reformation (宗教改革) 為了 against the Latin language.

　　46、William Tyndale‘s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.來(lái)源

　　論述簡(jiǎn)答

　　一、What difference between Christianity and the other religions?

　　(What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity?)

　　答：

　　Christianity based itself on two forceful (強(qiáng)烈的) beliefs which separate it from all other religions.

　　1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God， and that God sent him to earth (世界) to live as humans live， suffer as humans suffer， and die to redeem mankind.(挽回人類(lèi))

　　2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son (唯一的兒子)， so that whosoever (whoever的強(qiáng)調(diào)型) believes in him should not perish， but have everlasting life. (獲得永生)

　　加爾文主義也有這樣的觀點(diǎn)

　　二、How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent (洲)?

　　☆ (How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion? 統(tǒng)治性宗教)

　　答：

　　1、The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel， first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.

　　2、During a time of great unrest and upheaval動(dòng)蕩不安 in the European continent， the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.福音(書(shū))

　　3、Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared (害怕) the collapse (崩潰) of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.傳教士

　　4、Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle (戰(zhàn)役) and issued (發(fā)出) the Edict of Milan米蘭特令 (選擇) in 313. It granted (許可) religious freedom to all， and made Christianity legal.合法化

　　5、In 392 A.D.， Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.其他宗教不合法

　　6、Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression (壓迫) to a weapon in the hands of the ruling (管理) class to crush their opponents (粉碎對(duì)手)。 The Latin language became the official language.

　　三、What are the different translation editions of the Bible?

　　答：

　　1、The oldest extant (現(xiàn)存的) Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.

　　2、The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition， which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people‘s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.

　　3、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (改革者) led by John Wycliff.

　　4、After John Wycliff‘s version， appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.來(lái)源

　　5、The Great Bible (大圣經(jīng)) ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale‘s work.

　　6、The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”(官方版圣經(jīng)) or “King James” version， first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple， majestic (高雅的) Anglo-Saxon tongue， it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.

　　7、The Revised Version appeared in 1885， and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (美國(guó)英語(yǔ)版)

　　8、The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.

　　四、What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?

　　(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?)

　　答：

　　1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs (水庫(kù)) of Modern English.

　　2、Miltion‘s Paradise Lost (失樂(lè)園)， Bunyan’s Pilgrim‘s Progress， Byron’s Cain， up to the contemporary (同時(shí)期的) Hemingway‘s The Sun Also Rises， and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.

?2012年高教自考網(wǎng)絡(luò)輔導(dǎo)課程招生簡(jiǎn)章